The Burial Box of James,
The Brother of Jesus
THE EARLIEST ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE OF JESUS EVER
FOUND
Not only is it
the earliest archaeological artifact ever found that mentions Jesus, but
it is the only one so close to the time in which He lived on earth. Here
is the astounding story.
JEWISH GRAVE
BOXES—In the
time of Christ, when a Jew in Palestine died, his body was taken into a
stone burial cave which was cut out of solid rock. It was either placed
on a stone slab or within a hewn niche in one of the walls. About a year
later, all that would remain would be the bones. These were then placed
in a small box, called an ossuary, carved from a single piece of
Jerusalem limestone. Rectangular in shape, it had four sides and a
bottom. A matching stone cover would enclose the top. Sometimes, the
bones of several members of a family were ultimately placed within the
same box. This practice was widespread among the Jews of Judaea, from
about A.D. 1 to A.D. 70, and was called ossilegium.
These burial
caves are scattered all through the hills surrounding Jerusalem. The
bone boxes were sometimes kept in those caves and sometimes in a special
place in the homes of relatives.
Interestingly
enough, it was a type of cremation. Only the bones were preserved.
TWO
DISCOVERIES—In 1990,
news reports created a small sensation when a very ornate ossuary was
discovered in a Jerusalem burial cave. Among a dozen ossuaries was one
with the inscription, "Joseph son of Caiaphas." Inside were
bones of several people, including those of a very old man. It is
generally assumed that the older bones may have been those of the same
Caiaphas before whom Jesus stood during His first of three trials early
Friday morning, on the day He was crucified. The historian, Josephus,
said that Caiaphas was a family nickname, and he called him
"Joseph, who was called Caiaphas."
More recently,
another burial box was found which is far more startling: Apparently, it
once contained the bones of Jesus’ oldest half-brother, James! In
addition, the inscription says he is Jesus’ brother! In this article,
we will discuss the varied evidence supporting this possibility.
THE BOX—This
newly discovered box is a plain limestone burial container, without any
decoration other than an indented line running just inside the four
edges of the front side. The stone box is 20 inches in length at the
base and widens out toward almost 22 inches at the top. It is 10 inches
wide and 12 inches high; a flat stone lid rests on top of the box, set
into a ledge indented inside the rim of the two long sides of the box.
When this
burial container was found, it was empty and contained no bones.
COMPARING IT
WITH OTHER BURIAL BOXES—The
bone box of James was plain and had an inscription on it. However, most
other burial boxes in the first century A.D. were also plain, including
those of most important or wealthy people. So the fact that the box did
not have engraved decorations on the outside would not be a problem.
The
inscriptions on most of these ossuaries only listed the name of the
special person. But, once in a while, an inscription not only listed the
person’s name, but also told who his father was. Obviously, he must be
an important person, if his father was also named.
But this
burial box was truly unusual: The inscription not only named James’
father, but also his brother! In only one other instance is the brother
of the deceased named; and in that case the father is not named.
The mention of
a brother would mean that the brother was, for some reason, very
well-known.
THE
INSCRIPTION—There
are twenty letters, written in Aramaic, engraved on one of the long
sides of this burial box. This is a transliteration of the inscription:
Ya‘akov bar
Yosef akhui diYeshua
This is its
English translation:
James (Ya‘akov),
son (bar) of Joseph (Yosef), brother of (dhui) Jesus (Yeshua).
The word used
here for "James" is "Jacob." Our word,
"James," is the standard variant found in all English Bibles.
But, in the Greek New Testament, the word was written "Jacob."
DATING THE
BONE BOX—This type
of burial box is generally dated between about 20 B.C. and A.D. 70. As
mentioned earlier, this practice was widespread among the Jews of Judaea,
from about A.D. 1 to A.D. 70.
Not only do
the letter shapes have to fit into the time period, but the lettering
(spelling) must match also. In order to confirm that fact, it must be
compared with every other inscription from that period. The language and
historical context are also important.
The
distinctive shape (orthography) of the Aramaic letters, engraved on the
box, closely agrees with this time period. None of these letters have
any of the characteristics of lettering in a later period of time.
But three
letters are special. These are the dalet, yod, and aleph.
All three are somewhat slanted (cursive). As a result, these special
letters and the overall pattern of the sentence date this inscription to
the last few decades prior to A.D. 70, when Jerusalem was destroyed.
After careful
examination, experts date this burial box to A.D. 63. As we will learn
later in this study, there is evidence that James, the brother of Jesus,
died only one year earlier.
A
PRONUNCIATION PROBLEM—In
the first century A.D., the word we translate as "James" could
be written (and sounded) two different ways in the Aramaic.
"Joseph" could be written two ways, and "Jesus"
could be written three ways (Yeshua," "Yeshu" or "Yehoshua").
Back in ancient times, people were not as careful about how they wrote
and pronounced words as we try to do today.
Fortunately,
Aramaic was still a living language in the first century A.D., so it
could be pronounced. But, by the first century A.D., the pronunciation
of ancient paleo-Hebrew, the Hebrew of the Old Testament, had been
forgotten. Instead, when it was read, the current pronunciation of
Aramaic was applied to it.
The
pronunciation of ancient Hebrew was lost during the time of the
Babylonian captivity in the sixth century B.C. Aramaic, which is
similar, but pronounced differently and written somewhat differently,
became the language of the Jews and many other peoples of the region.
The first
attempt to add written vowels to the Hebrew Old Testament did not occur
until 1,400 years after Hebrew was no longer spoken (500 B.C. to A.D.
900), at which time the Masoretes (a group of dedicated Jewish scholars)
guessed their way through it in the 10th century A.D., when they added
the vowel points. About the year A.D. 900, Moses ben Asher and his son
worked out a system of vowel dots and dashes, and then guessed where to
place them on ancient Hebrew writings, including the Old Testament. It
is for this reason that we, today, cannot know the correct pronunciation
of any Old Testament word. Indeed, I believe God purposely allowed this
to happen, so we would not worship words as the ancient Jews worshiped
the serpent of brass (Num 21:9; 2 Kgs 18:4). (For much more
information on this, read pp. 29-41 in my book, The Sacred Name.)
WHO WAS JAMES?—The
brothers and sisters of Jesus are mentioned in the Gospels:
"Is not
this the carpenter’s son? Is not His mother called Mary? And His
brethren, James, and Joses, and Simon, and Judas? And His sisters, are
they not all with us?"—Matthew 13:55-56 (Mark 6:3 is almost
identical; cf. Matthew 12:46-47).
We know that
Christ’s brothers and sisters were present when He spoke in the
synagogue in Nazareth (DA 236; Matthew 13:55-56; Mark 6:3).
During Christ’s
earthly ministry, His brothers were not in sympathy with His work (DA
321; cf. 5BC 1135-1136).
Paul mentions
a sequence of appearances made by Jesus following His resurrection to
various individuals, including one to James:
"After
that, He was seen of James; then of all the apostles."—1
Corinthians 15:7.
At the time of
Christ’s ascension to heaven, Jesus’ "brethren" finally
fully accepted Him as the Christ.
" ‘And
with His brethren.’ These had lost much because of their unbelief.
They had been among the number who doubted when Jesus appeared in
Galilee. But they now firmly believed that Jesus was the Son of God, the
promised Messiah. Their faith was established."—6 Bible
Commentary, 1054 (cf. Acts 1:9-14).
Paul mentions
a meeting he later had with James:
"I went
up to Jerusalem to see Peter . . but other of the apostles saw I none,
save James the Lord’s brother."—Galatians 1:18-19 (cf. 1
Corinthians 9:5).
We are told
that James, "the brother of the Lord" (AA 405), had
become one of the three leading apostles; the other two were Peter and
John (6BC 1108). "James, Cephas, and John, who seemed to be
pillars [of the church]."—Galatians 2:9 (cf. 2:12).
Of course, we
best know James as the leader during the very important Jerusalem
Council.
"James
answered, saying, Men and brethren, hearken unto me . . Wherefore my
sentence is . ."—Acts 15:13, 19 (cf. 15:12-29).
Apparently,
James had earlier experienced a deep and thorough conversion; so much
so, that the other apostles could trust this man, who was older than
most of them, with the chairmanship of that important council meeting.
"James
presided at the council."—Acts of the Apostles, 194.
"James
also bore his testimony with decision . . and his final decision was,
‘Wherefore my sentence is, that we trouble not them, which from among
the Gentiles are turned to God.’ This ended the discussion."—Ibid.
Thus you can
see why the ossuary of James would deserve an inscription providing it
with special recognition—an unprecedented mentioning of three names.
IN WHAT WAY
WAS JAMES THE BROTHER OF CHRIST?—There
are three views of this matter. One is that James was the full brother
of Jesus, and Joseph and Mary were the parents of all the children. Two
third-century church writers held to this theory, along with many
Protestants today.
Another view
is that James was only the cousin of Jesus, being the son of Clopas and
the Mary who stood near the cross. Jerome (who translated the Bible into
Latin in the early fifth century) and many modern Catholic theologians
believe this.
The correct
view is that James was the half brother of Jesus. All of Christ’s
"brothers and sisters" were born to Joseph through a previous
marriage; and Mary had only one child, Jesus.
This position
has the strong support of an early writing, the Protevangelium of
James, which says that James led the she-ass upon which Mary rode
(while Joseph followed), on their way to Bethlehem. For reasons, stated
below, James may have been about 16 by that time. That manuscript also
stated that James was the son of Joseph by an earlier marriage. This
view is held by the second-century writer, Origen; the fourth-century
church historian, Eusebius; a number of other ancient writers; and the
Orthodox Church today. This is our position also.
"His
brothers, as the sons of Joseph were called . . (DA 86).
"The sons and daughters of Joseph" (DA 90). "The
sons of Joseph" (DA 321; 450).
"[John
7:1-5, quoted] The brethren here referred to were the sons of
Joseph."—5 Bible Commentary, 1135.
WHEN DID JAMES
DIE?—Jesus was born
in the fall of 4 B.C. We have observed that the sequence in Matthew
13:55-56 and Mark 6:3 indicates that James was the oldest of Joseph’s
children. His leadership at the Jerusalem Council (Acts 15) would
appear to confirm this.
James, as the
oldest of at least six children sired by Joseph, may have been about 14
to 18 years of age when Jesus was born. This would make him about 47
when Jesus was crucified. He would be at least in his 50s—and one of
the oldest of the leaders of the young church—when the Jerusalem
Council convened. This may have been the reason he was selected to chair
that important gathering.
The
first-century Jewish historian, Josephus, dates James’ death to A.D.
62, when the high priest Ananus had "one James, the brother of
Jesus who was called the Christ" brought before the Sanhedrin (Josephus,
Antiquities of the Jews, 20, 197-203).
Such a date
would fully agree with the style of writing on the burial box. (If James
died in A.D. 62, he would be about 78 when he died.)
According to
Josephus, when James was brought before the Sanhedrin, they had him
condemned and slain (ibid.). Eusebius of Caesarea (c.A.D. 324;
lived c.260-339) quoted Clement of Alexandria and especially the
Christian historian, Hegesippus (c.A.D. 180), as saying that James’
preaching won many converts, including some from the ruling classes. It
so alarmed the Jewish leaders that the Pharisees ordered him to stand in
front of the Temple and retract his statements. When, instead, he
preached that Jesus was the Messiah, the leaders ordered the crowd to
slay him. As soon as James died, he was buried in Jerusalem.
Eusebius
quoted Hegesippus as saying, "He [James] was buried on the spot, by
the Sanctuary,"—Eusebius, Church History, 2:23, 18.
Josephus dates
James’ death as having occurred during the administration of the Roman
procurator (governor) Festus, who held office in the year A.D. 62.
Josephus wrote
that a priest, named Ananus, accused James and others of breaking the
law and immediately sentenced them to death by stoning. In that
statement, Josephus calls him "James, the brother of Jesus who was
called the Christ." This sentence is one of only a few ancient
mentions of Jesus.
A more lengthy
passage by Josephus about Jesus can be found in Antiquities 18.3.3
and in the writings of the Roman historian, Tacitus, who mentions His
crucifixion by Pontius Pilate (Annales 15.44.3).
THE
INVESTIGATOR—Epigraphy
is the study of ancient inscriptions. André Lemaire is one of the world’s
leading epigraphers. His field of expertise is Old Testament Hebrew and
Aramaic from the Babylonian captivity on down through the first several
centuries A.D.
From April to
September 2002, he was in Jerusalem, working at Hebrew University’s
Institute for Advanced Study. Scholars from all over the world go there
to consult with other scholars and work on projects.
Each time
Lemaire comes to Jerusalem, he learns of important new finds and is
asked to analyze the writing on objects. New discoveries are continually
coming to light, either through archaeological studies or the
antiquities market.
Sometimes
Lemaire is shown objects owned by antiquities collectors. One day during
his recent stay in Jerusalem, Lemaire met a collector who asked him to
examine some objects he had. One was the James ossuary.
Lemaire was
first shown photographs of the ossuary. The inscription was easy to
read, and he immediately recognized its importance.
After very
carefully examining the actual burial box, Lemaire concluded that, due
to the spelling, shape, and slant of Herodian-era letter forms—the
inscription was genuine.
Lemaire has
examined purported finds for so many years that he can sense when he is
examining a fake—an inscription and object, declared to be genuine
and/or ancient, which is not. He concluded that this burial box was
fully genuine in every way.
But, before
arriving at his final conclusion, he had the ossuary checked by
geologists, to see if the inscription or the box revealed evidence of
having been made in modern times.
THE GEOLOGY
REPORT—The
November/December 2002 issue of Biblical Archaeology Review
contains a full-page reproduction of the official analysis made by the
Ministry of Infrastructures, Geological Survey, in Jerusalem.
Drs. Amnon
Rosenfeld and Shimon Ilani prepared the report. Here are a few
significant excerpts:
"The use
of chalk (limestone) was extensive during the Second Temple period of
Jerusalem, primarily for the manufacture of stone vessels and ossuaries."
The report
goes on to state that this type of limestone was only used for burial
boxes during the first and second centuries A.D. So the type of material
used fits the dating.
However, there
should also be evidence, from normal surface blemishes, that would
indicate great age for both the box and the inscription on it.
"Patina" is the name for the thin discoloration, caused by
age, on the stonework and inscription. In order to carefully investigate
this discoloration, a 50 to 100-power binocular microscope was used. In
addition, samples, each, of the limestone, patina, and attached soil
were studied with a scanning electron microscope, equipped with electron
dispersive spectroscopy.
"The
stone and the patina were examined by magnifying lenses (binocular). We
observed that the patina on the surface of the ossuary has a gray to
beige color. The same gray patina is found also within some of the
letters, although the inscription was cleaned and the patina is
therefore absent from several letters."
The
investigators were also able to determine where the box had been stored
for centuries.
"The
patina has a cauliflower shape known to be developed in a cave
environment."
The probable
location of that cave was also determined:
"Remains
of soil were found attached to the bottom of the outer side of the
ossuary . . The soil in which the ossuary laid is of Rendzina type,
known to develop on chalks of the Mount Scopus Group."
Mount Scopus
is an elevated area on the northeast, quite close to Old Jerusalem.
The geologists
concluded that the box and its inscription were genuine.
It is worth
mentioning that "the patina does not contain any modern elements
(such as modern pigments) and it adheres firmly to the stone. No signs
of the use of a modern tool or instrument was found. No evidence that
might detract from the authenticity of the patina and the inscription
was found."
CONCLUSION—Before
the James burial box was found, the earliest mention of Jesus was in the
Rylands Papyrus, the earliest known Gospel fragment (containing a
portion of John 18:31-33, on one side, and 18:37-38 on the other) which
dates to c.A.D. 125. This new discovery is magnificent.
Putting all
these facts together (the dates, the names, the shape of the letters),
the limestone of the box; its patina, with the earth clinging to it; and
the triple names on the inscription—point to the fact that this is a
genuine inscription of the James mentioned in the New Testament who was
the son of Joseph and the brother of Jesus.
LATE OCTOBER—News
release: The burial box of James has been sent to Toronto, there to be
inspected by additional experts for three months. When it arrives back
in Jerusalem in February, the State of Israel may try to purchase it.
NOVEMBER 4—News
release: It was reported on this date that the Royal Ontario Museum, in
Canada, announced that it has notified Israel that the James burial box
was damaged in transit. —vf
UPDATE ON BOX
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